Learning Plan Essay

The learning plan portrayed in this paper is to have understudies banter a theme identified with the Civil War. The discussion subject is â€Å"Was the Emancipation Proclamation authorized for moral reasons or political reasons?† The principle idea of this learning plan is to have understudies work cooperatively to investigate realities, and review and use realities from the Civil War unit to fuse into their contentions. (It ought to be noticed that the learning plan depicted in this paper will take a few classes to finish, anyway the learning plan methods will just address the class where the discussion will happen.) It is accepted that banter aptitudes were educated in a past class. The learning hypothesis surely consolidates constructivist perspectives. They are building information instead of retaining it. This is constructivist approach is outlined through the community oriented nature of the task, just as through the examination that students’ must create. As far as the utilization of innovation and media; the understudies will be told to explore one wellspring of data, from the web, identified with their contention. They should present a one-page examination of the data in which they found alongside a references page. This must be submitted to the educator seven days before the planned discussion. The instructor will evaluate the substance of the paper, yet the references page will likewise be significant. Educator must assess the sorts of web sources that the understudies have utilized. The believability of the web source, and the quality of student’s exploration will be broke down by the instructor. The reason for existing is to survey student’s customary education and basic systematic aptitudes (surveyed while assessing the substance), and data proficiency/translation abilities of online material (evaluated by exploring the reference page). At long last, the instructor will hand back papers to the understudies, and he/she will teach each gathering to use in any event two of their gathering members’ papers into their group’s contentions. Media and innovation will likewise be joined with the utilization of online life. The educator will tell understudies that their discussions will be recorded and submitted to youtube or a non-public school site (i f issues of security are raised). Others will be permitted to see the video to assess the quality of each team’s contentions. In view of the remarks of open watchers, a victor will be picked (by mainstream vote). This well known vote will be consolidated as a little rate into the appraisal. This is being done as to permit understudies toâ participate in new media openings inside an instructive setting. Learning Plan Context Setting The high needs school will be a High School in the Bay Area, either in San Francisco or Oakland. There will be 25-30 understudies in an individual classroom. The exercise will occur the week after the Civil War unit is done. It is foreseen that the unit will last around fourteen days, in this manner the discussion class will happen during the third week. The genuine discussion class will take up one class period. The substance region is US History/Politics. The evaluation level is Juniors (eleventh grade). In total, the educational plan unit is eleventh grade, US History/Politics, Civil War unit. Norms As per California principles for education ever/Social Studies in 6-twelfth grades. An understudy must have the option to show investigation of essential and auxiliary sources, and interface these bits of knowledge to the comprehension of the entire content. This capacity will be tended to and evaluated when understudies must consolidate data gained from the course book with data picked up from the web, and utilize the two wellsprings of data, into their discussion. The student’s capacity to embrace this assignment will be assessed by the educator with the accommodation of student’s sources, and furthermore during the discussion. (http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/archives/finalelaccssstandards.pdf.) Also as per California guidelines, understudies must have the option to assess different clarifications for occasions and activities. This standard is outlined in the idea of the movement. A discussion, in itself, assesses various clarifications for one occasion, which makes it a perfect methods for tending to this norm (http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/reports/finalelaccssstandards.pdf.) Finally, as indicated by California principles, understudies must have the option to assess varying perspectives on the equivalent chronicled issue. By and by, this standard is outlined inside the idea of a discussion. It is additionally outlined when understudies present their own examination of web research (http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/archives/finalelaccssstandards.pdf.) Learning Objective Understudies will have the option to cooperatively show their insight into Civil War strategy, occasions and data, from the course reading and from online sources, by planning contentions to be introduced inside a discussion. Learning Theory Applications Constructivism is surely impacting everything in this exercise plan: The action permits information to be sorted out into outlines, ideas, and perspectives. This action is underscoring the utilization of valid exercises by building information through cooperation with the conditions (web and peers), and applying it to genuine circumstances (banter). The community oriented part surely outlines constuctivism; students will enable each other to make reasonable associations. At last, understudies are working self-sufficiently with the assistance of the instructor as facilitator, supporter, and model (Ormrod, 2006). Learning Accommodations: Individualized Education Plan for Special Accomodations: In each group, all understudies will be relegated a job. For instance, â€Å"speaker†, â€Å"writer†, â€Å"time-keeper†. A student’s IEP will be mulled over when doling out jobs. An understudy with an IEP, will be doled out a job that best accommodates their IEP. For instance, an understudy with ADD, might be most appropriate to be a watch since their capacity to focus isn't as engaged. They might be restless to change the pace of the group’s conversations, and in this manner they might be anxious to monitor the time. Language Development needs: When doling out the web based examination; the educator will give ELL understudies a site to explore to, rather than having the understudies explore the web themselves. Instructor will give unequivocal guidelines regarding where to look on the site so understudies don't feel also overpowered with the English language. Educator will request that the un derstudies attempt to grasp a portion of the data, in any case in the event that this demonstrates excessively troublesome, at that point the instructor will request that the understudies discover 15-20 words from the site that the understudy didn't comprehend. The understudy will at that point discover the implications of these words in their own language. They should compose at any rate a passage about the Civil War unit consolidating five of the words that they found on the web. Also,â at least two of these words must be fused into the contentions of their group. Skilled and Talented requirements: This is a provoking segment to consider in light of the fact that a talented/gifted understudy doesn't really mean a scholarly thorough understudy. To truly tailor the exercise to address the interests of a skilled/gifted understudy, at that point the instructor should be acquainted with the character of that specific understudy. Nonetheless, a few circumstances will be tended to here. Above all else, from the examination, the exercise itself befits that of a skilled/capable understudy. Rivalry, which portrays a discussion, for the most part suits the idea of skilled/capable understudies. (http://www.teachersfirst.com/gifted_strategies.cfm) The main circumstance to consider is an understudy who is skilled/capable, yet not scholastically thorough. This understudy will be given an influential position inside his/her group. He/she might be allocated to sort out/deal with all the thoughts of the understudies. He/she is the person who will be given the rubric for what the instructor is surveying while watching the team’s conversations and contentions. He/she is the chief, and he/she will be evaluated on their capacity to keep his/her group on task. Along these lines, this understudy isn’t essentially accomplishing more â€Å"academic† work, however he/she is being tested in a somewhat troublesome way. A subsequent circumstance to consider is to have a skilled/gifted understudy who is scholastically thorough. The educator will give this understudy a subsequent part to add to his/her examination paper. The understudy must interface course reading material and web material to the US legislative issues of today. This is expanding the intellectual procedure from dissect (which all understudies must do with their exploration papers) to assess (Anderson and Krathwol, 2001). The understudy can decide to consolidate this additional part into their team’s contentions. Asset Accommodations: Low tech: There are no PCs, projector, or web access in the study hall. If so, instructor may need to assign time in various exercises to utilize school offices where PCs are accessible. PCs must be utilized so the instructor can show understudies the sorts of sites that are sound, just as to utilize locales, as youtube, to show understudies instances of discussions. PC use is vital so educator may need to require some serious energy previously or after school to meet with understudies (who will) show them the previously mentioned sites. Mid tech: One PC connectedâ to a projector is accessible in the study hall. The instructor can utilize this PC to show instances of believable sites, just as to show instances of discussions on the web. Cutting edge: Class is furnished with a few PCs. Groups can go online themselves to see recordings of discussions and start research for their paper. Thusly, the community oriented nature of the exercise will begin significantly prior (in the pre-arr anging stage). Content-Based Literacy Skills As far as text-based proficiency; understudies must join data from their reading material into their contentions

Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Essays

Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Essays Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay which are approved by areas and are clinging to all future chiefs. However after such huge numbers of endeavors and vows to execute the Torahs and major laws the more vulnerable development of the general public, non just in India yet in all pieces of the universe, is still precluded the human rights from securing quality guidance, health and correspondence. Henceforth an interest was felt to search for a type of substitute strategy or way out to make full this spread. It is a direct result of this ground Non Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) are shaped to bear the obligation of working the most unfortunate of hapless with the specialists. In a major creating state like India, Non Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) go about as substitute or corresponding assistance providers and try to connect the army spreads in the formative methods among range and request of administrations. These other help providers play an of import work by helping authoritiess through supporting, joining forces and supplementing the plants of the territory so as to ensure that each one of the individuals who are barred, make the most of their privilege of balance in the public arena. Solid and scholarly individuals are the core of any turn of events. Absence of dish to the guidance, immovably obtained cognizance, achievements and great health is an office for its decrease. Economical advancement is conceivable simply through the dish to significant larning which in twist is significant for improved productiveness, reduced need, improved and deterrent health consideration, enabled grown-up females and upgraded correspondence. NGOs, as advancement life partners, have the head blending capacity to play in states where authoritiess have fizzled or can't bring through their standard capacity. In the health and guidance divisions, there are numerous achievement accounts that non only made the required physical base yet adjacent to built up the scholastic and thinking about the individuals who are still forgotten about. NGOs as bearers of comprehensive developing Legislature of India is focusing on the financial incorporation of the general public at huge. Yet at the same time there is a more prominent interest for the comprehensive society so as the underserved must non experience forgot about. Here NGOs can play a superior capacity for the coordinating of this more vulnerable development with the general public where specialists s endeavors are non ready to help through the spreads and the desires. Dish to essential guidance and wellbeing consideration establishments are in a general sense considered as the chief obligations of authoritiess. Governments attempt to be in accordance with the universally concurred parts of the bargains All which area that essential guidance ought to be free and necessary. The main point behind these imprints was on increasing dish of children to fundamental proper guidance gave by authoritiess. Job of authoritiess as a facilitator of fundamental guidance is relevant as an educated society can exploit in building state s uniqueness and can other than amass advantages of cultural and financial turn of events. Not only the general public at large however people can other than be profited in footings of way of life, lifecycle and across coevalss. In creating states like India, the jussive mind-set for instructed individuals is considerably more noteworthy, as it is non simply about applying the option to be scholarly and an obligation to part towards the state for its turn of events, however it is other than of import for guaranting security. Wellbeing consideration and guidance are the essential assistance areas given these are the biggest, the most common and detectable foundations in the state, seeable even in the privy parts. Due to their social, cultural and financial elements of wellbeing and guidance areas, these are the most mind boggling foundations to administrate and pull off. Subsequently, independent of the considerable number of endeavors and cash put in for the satisfaction of protected vow of Education for All and Healthy Citizens , India is as yet battling with the significant issues of hapless quality, insufficiency of rationale, complication and inconsistent dish in the tutoring and wellbeing framework. Moreover, where the specialists s stipulation to perceive the points of cosmopolitan essential guidance and solid residents has been inconsistent to help through interest, the feasible and since a long time ago run association of specialists and NGOs can connect this spread. NGOs as partners in the organ ization go about as main thrust behind more noteworthy participation through the dynamic assembly of open help for a curious reason. With changed point of convergence on spread excursion the establishments of value health consideration and guidance and to be in a state of harmony with the parts of the bargains, more prominent going to is being paid on capacity of non specialists partners that they are playing and could play in back uping assistants and experts in achieving marks, while specialists being the main provider. This draws with regards to the adjusting capacity of the specialists needs to play in back uping the requests of improved health consideration establishments and quality essential guidance in occurrences where it is non the immediate provider. The specialists s work varies orchestrating to the sort of the NGO and the degree to which they praise the open bringing of the administrations. NGOs advocate their capacity towards the achievement of parts of the bargains either by seting power per unit territory on the specialists departments or by influencing straight as consideration takers. The underserved may take numerous signifiers including those hard to run in footings of sex, road kids, vagrants, disbanded kids in station battle nations, kids with disablements, exiles, kid workers and so on. These underserved are non ready to benefit their fundamental necessities of guidance and health and consequently can non be a segment of comprehensive developing in view of destitution, as well as a result of socio social and other interest related grounds. Insufficient flexibly of assets in stray and rustic nations can more remote decline these bottlenecks. NGOs and Orphan s interest for Education and Health According to a study directed by SOS Children s modest community dependent on third National Health Survey, there are around 20 million children ( around 4 % of the whole populace ) are vagrant. Fitting to this, 0.3 % kids were stranded on account of perish of their folks and rest 99.7 % have been surrendered. The central reason for such high figures are credited to destitution as the main supporter while cultural tumult and psychological oppressor act in certain regions, as uncovered by this investigation of SOS Children s modest community. Destitution, disablement, disagreements, and lack of cognizance are eminent bottlenecks to numerous children obtaining into schools. Financial difficulties and society s lack of association and insurance imply that vagrants may lose the opportunity to profit the establishments gave by the open wellbeing framework each piece great. Kids who have been stranded by the expire of guardians or the individual enduring guardian is non ready to take consideration, are typically disposed of by society, denied affection and consideration and left with hardly any assets to populate on. For cultural and monetary grounds these children much of the time drop out from schools. Now and again these children are not well taken care of and experience the ill effects of wiped out health and are at a danger of abuse and lack of regard. In many condition of affairss these children are driven into illegal exercises and sexual exercises in example of miss kid. India is go forthing no stones unturned with the mean to pass on vagrant into the standard. Service of Health and Family Welfare Ministry, Health Ministry and Education Ministry of Indian specialists have actualized arranged open help and wellbeing methodologies for the oppressed. Other than there are in excess of 800 orphanhoods across India for the upliftment of this underserved development of society. The specialists s undertaking to better the course of essential guidance and wellbeing consideration establishments for vagrants is established in the significance of fundamental human rights for all children. This endeavor of specialists s can ensure a place of uniformity and cultural security among all regions of society. The advantages of cultural fuse, mental turn of events, secure and organized condition and so on can be utilized by confabulating comprehension and life achievements. Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram The NGO The Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram is a Non Government Charitable Organization in Greater NOIDA, U.P. , has built up a hypothetical record that utilizes wellbeing consideration and guidance as an office of undertaking the employments of vagrant, with the boss point of convergence on miss kid and devastated grown-up females with no qualification of rank, confidence, part, race or shading material. The ashram is an endeavor of H. H. Shri Mataji Devi Foundation. The association is enrolled under the Trust Registration Act and Foreign Contribution Regulation Act ( FCRA ) . The association is financed by the individuals from the Sahaj Yoga Organization and there are some global providers each piece great. Courses and workshops are directed as store height exercises. NGO does non secure any financial guide from the specialists agencies. Mrs. Giesla Matzer, the Executive Director told that the ashram is controlled however non supported by the area specialists. The Ashram is overseen and run by the president Sir C. P. Srivastava and the legitimate watchmen. The twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours exercises are regulated by Austrian Citizen Mrs. Gisela Matzer, the Executive Director. She is actually beyond a reasonable doubt being called Oma by the tenants and resembles grandmother who ever gives them her protective love. Mrs. Darshi Gursharan, the dear grandmother, has numerous mature ages of understanding as

Swiss Miss

Swiss Miss DID YOU KNOW? The song Hips Dont Lie went to #1 in nearly every country that has singles charts. There are four countries where it only went to #2, and it only went to #94 in Japan. And I am SO SICK OF HEARING IT. This is a dumb story, but scroll down for some more pictures. I left my umbrella on a train in Switzerland last weekend. It was really a great umbrellait had a big button that you could press to open it, fit perfectly into my small girly hands, had a comfortable strap to fit around my wrist, was compact enough to fit horizontally in my backpack when folded up, and kept the rain off of me pretty well, although the ravages of time were becoming apparent after three years of use. But anyway, I left it on a train in Switzerland. I was worried about finding a replacement, because I got the umbrella three years ago at MIT when Shannon 05 lost my previous, much less awesome, umbrella. I was like, Whatever, just give me 12 dollars or something, but Shannon went out to the Cambridgeside Galleria the very next day and bought me this great, top-of-the-line umbrella that Ive loved ever since. So I thought that there would be a pretty big disparity between the amount of money that I was willing to spend on an umbrella and the kind of service I had come to expect from an umbrella. With that in mind, I looked up the word for umbrella in Google translator and went out shopping last night. I must have looked kind of strange in the first store I went to, because I tested each umbrella I encountered according to the above five characteristicsso I opened it, held it in my hand as if it were raining indoors, dangled it by its strap from my wrist, put it in my backpack, and estimated the permeability of the material. Do most people do this when theyre umbrella shopping? I mean, you would want to test-drive a car, right? There were a couple umbrellas with button-opening mechanisms, but only one even met two of my five criteriaa 10

Swiss Miss

Swiss Miss DID YOU KNOW? The song Hips Dont Lie went to #1 in nearly every country that has singles charts. There are four countries where it only went to #2, and it only went to #94 in Japan. And I am SO SICK OF HEARING IT. This is a dumb story, but scroll down for some more pictures. I left my umbrella on a train in Switzerland last weekend. It was really a great umbrellait had a big button that you could press to open it, fit perfectly into my small girly hands, had a comfortable strap to fit around my wrist, was compact enough to fit horizontally in my backpack when folded up, and kept the rain off of me pretty well, although the ravages of time were becoming apparent after three years of use. But anyway, I left it on a train in Switzerland. I was worried about finding a replacement, because I got the umbrella three years ago at MIT when Shannon 05 lost my previous, much less awesome, umbrella. I was like, Whatever, just give me 12 dollars or something, but Shannon went out to the Cambridgeside Galleria the very next day and bought me this great, top-of-the-line umbrella that Ive loved ever since. So I thought that there would be a pretty big disparity between the amount of money that I was willing to spend on an umbrella and the kind of service I had come to expect from an umbrella. With that in mind, I looked up the word for umbrella in Google translator and went out shopping last night. I must have looked kind of strange in the first store I went to, because I tested each umbrella I encountered according to the above five characteristicsso I opened it, held it in my hand as if it were raining indoors, dangled it by its strap from my wrist, put it in my backpack, and estimated the permeability of the material. Do most people do this when theyre umbrella shopping? I mean, you would want to test-drive a car, right? There were a couple umbrellas with button-opening mechanisms, but only one even met two of my five criteriaa 10

Cyber Threats Online Cyberbullying - 906 Words

More than 2 in 4 social media users have experienced cyber threats online. Social Media has come a long way creating many ways to entertain ourselves and interact with others, such as, friends, family, or complete strangers. Over the years technological advances have certainly increased. Social networks have skyrocketed tremendously over the past years becoming highly popular all over the world and to everyone. For instance, we know have Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, and Instagram etc. These social networks might be a luxury to some people but unfortunately others have experienced awful situations and encounters that have left them traumatized. Not only are people getting bullied, harass, and teased on these social Medias but its changing the way we interact and communicate with one another in real life. Sarah Zay, of USA Today, said that â€Å"With the rise of websites such as Facebook, social networking may be on the verge of replacing traditional personal interactions for the next generation.†(Sarah). Social media sites provide many opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs, but Social Media greatly impacts our society in a negative way as it causes physical and mental harm to select others, identity fraud(Sex-Offender), and it’s changing the way we communicate and interact. First of all, nowadays we have so many social networks to choose from cyberbullying has sadly increased. Adults, teens, and even children have been virtually attacked, harm and in some cases physicalShow MoreRelatedCyberbullying : Causes And Dangers Of Cyber Bullying985 Words   |  4 Pageshave been cyber bullied online on social media, websites, and through via communication like emails and group chats. 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Cognitive/Social Development of the Elementary Student Essay

The elementary years are full of major milestones of both cognitive and social development. These elementary milestones as described by Piaget include primarily the concrete operational stage where children develop logical thinking skills including the ability to distinguish personal thinking skills (Bukatko and Daehler, 2012). Elementary educators and care givers have a responsibility to provide and environment rich in play and peer interaction as well as focused on the appropriate zone of proximal development, pushing towards the development of higher level thinking skills. Beginning with play, specifically through rough and tumble play† young children gain an understanding of social cues as well as contribute to cognitive development†¦show more content†¦Social pretend play promotes cognition, language and social competence. Vygotskys theory of play states that natural play must contain both an imaginary situation and the voluntarily accepted rules that govern the s ituation (Pellengrini, 2005). Play beings to look different through elementary school as children’s interactions with one another begin to mature, but communication remains crucial. Peer communication contributes to the achievement of elementary milestones as learning is a shared social activity embedded in classroom interactions. This ideal of social constructivism is supported by one of the pillars of Vygotsky’ theory of sociocultural development, the zone of proximal development (ZPD) (Lecusay, Rossen Cole, 2008). The ZPD is defined as the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers (Vygotsky, 1978). 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Coyle discusses how physical development, media and technology, self-understanding, and emotional competence impact students and make them different from previous generations; even differentiating by just a few yearsRead MorePsychology: Jean Piaget Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesstages of cognitive development. These four major stages, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, are marked by shifts in how people understand the world. Although the stages correspond with an approximate age, Piaget’s stages are flexible in that as long as the child is ready they are able to reach a stage. In kindergarten, many of the stages of both sensorimotor and preoperational stage were easy to find. For instance, the teacher allowed the st udents to have aRead MorePeer Victimization And Academic Performance1550 Words   |  7 Pagesperformances to improve teacher-student relationships. The proposal provides experiences of peers, teachers, and counselors giving intervention to understand the behaviors of peers and lack of poor academic performances. The proposal demonstrates the modifications, behaviors, and attention among genders to explain the internalized and externalize problems. Peer victimization appears in early ages to adolescences. Early indications state peer victimization affects the student quality of education academicallyRead MoreWhy Are You Interested At This Research Internship?864 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopmental/cognitive psychology, in linguistics, etc) do you find interesting?  I am interested in this research internship because I want to work in the LCD lab as a summer intern to gain more firsthand experiences in child language and cognitive development. I am especially inspired and motivated by the exploratory advancement of linguistic, cognitive, and social development made by the LCD lab. Additionally, I am curious about how the interconnectivity of various cognitive aspects and mechanisms

Defective Good in Law Free Essays

string(315) " law in India LIABILITY FOR MANUFACTURING OR DISTRIBUTING A DEFECTIVE PRODUCT IN INDIA In India, Product liability law, also called â€Å"products liability†, governs the liability of manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and vendors for injury to a person or property caused by dangerous or defective products\." INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE GOODS Goods have been defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 as every kind of moveable property other than actionable claims and money; and include stock and shares, growing crops, grass, and things attached to or forming part of the land which are agreed to be severed before sale or under the contract of sale. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 lays down that defect means any fault, imperfection or shortcoming in the quality, quantity, potency, purity or standard which is required to be maintained by or under any law for the time being in force under any contract, express or implied or as is claimed by the trader in any manner whatsoever in relation to any goods. An average Indian consumer is noted for his patience and tolerance. We will write a custom essay sample on Defective Good in Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Perhaps because of these two traditional traits and due to the influence of the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita, he considers the receipt of defective goods and services as an act of fate or unfavourable planetary position in his horoscope. When a new television or refrigerator purchased by him turns out to be defective from day one, he takes it reticently, blaming it on his fate or as the consequence of the wrongs committed by him in his previous birth. Very often he is exploited, put to avoidable inconveniences and suffers financial loss. It is rather paradoxical that the customer is advertised as the â€Å"king† by the seller and service provider, but in actual practice treated as a slave or servant. Goods are purchased by him along with the label â€Å"Items once sold by us will never be received back under any circumstances whatsoever. WHAT ARE DEFECTIVE GOODS A product is in a defective condition, unreasonably dangerous to the user, when it has a propensity or tendency for causing physical harm beyond that which would be contemplated by the ordinary user, having ordinary knowledge of the product’s characteristics commonly known to the foreseeable class of persons who would normally use the product. With regard to the issue of ‘legal cause,’ a defective condition is a legal cause of injury if it directly and in natural and continuous sequence produces or contributes substantially to producing such injury, so that it can reasonably be said hat, except for the defective condition, the injury complained of would not have occurred. A defective condition may be a legal cause of damage even though it operates in combination with the act of another, some natural cause, or some other cause if such other cause occurs at the same time as the defective condition and if the defective condition contributes substantially to producing such damage. Thus, in cases involving allegedly defective, unreasonably dangerous products, the manufacturer may be liable even though you may find that it exercised all reasonable care in the design, manufacture and sale of the product in question. On the other hand, any failure of a manufacturer of a product to adopt the most modern, or even a better safeguard, does not make the manufacturer legally liable to a person injured by that product. The manufacturer is not a guarantor that nobody will get hurt in using its product, and a product is not defective or unreasonably dangerous merely because it is possible to be injured while using it. There is no duty upon the manufacturer to produce a product that is ‘accident-proof. ‘ What the manufacturer is required to do is to make a product which is free from defective and unreasonably dangerous conditions. Any consumer who receives any defective goods can make a complaint. A consumer cannot make a complaint if the defective item. CASE STUDY: Mahender purchased one Britannia Good Day Biscuit packet and one Little Hearts biscuit packet at a ration shop. M/s Sri Raja Rajeshwari General Stainless Steel Shop for Rs. 17/- and got the receipt for the same. He took the biscuit packet to his house and handed over the Little Hearts Biscuit packet to his younger son aged about seven years. After sometime his son started weeping. On questioning him he said that the biscuit packet had no biscuits in it. Then Mahender himself checked and found that the sealed packets did not contain any biscuit. He filed a complaint in the District Forum. The manufacturer did nothing and denied the supply of the biscuit packets without biscuits but filled with air. Mahindra claimed damages and compensation of Rs. 60,000/- on the ground that his son kept weeping for the whole night after seeing the empty biscuit packet. Further, the manufacturer, Britannia Company alleged that Mahindra colluded with the retail owner and filed the complaint to extract money. Instead of accepting that some random defective pack came into the market and solve a simple matter like this, the manufacturer Britannia Company made false allegations that it was a concocted story. The District Forum held that it is an unfair trade practice to supply empty packs without biscuits. It directed them to pay Rs. 2,000/- as compensation and Rs. 500/- as costs of complaint to be paid within one month. ? DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS Defective products may cause injuries even serious injuries to an individual. In fact, it is the cause of thousands of injuries every year. This may be due to the manufacturers or to the corporations who design and sell the products but do not consider the well-being of the consumers. These manufacturers are more of profit than safety of the products. Thus, it put buyers to risk and danger. When you are injured or harm in any way by a faulty product, you should seek a defective product injury lawyers who could help you to make the negligent party liable for producing unsafe products. These are the products that consumers buy which usually has defects: Brakes Tires Airbags Restraint system such as seat belts Firearms Farm equipment Helmet Prosthetics Pharmaceuticals Products and Strict Liability Product Liability law in India LIABILITY FOR MANUFACTURING OR DISTRIBUTING A DEFECTIVE PRODUCT IN INDIA In India, Product liability law, also called â€Å"products liability†, governs the liability of manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and vendors for injury to a person or property caused by dangerous or defective products. You read "Defective Good in Law" in category "Papers" The goal of product liability laws is to help protect consumers from dangerous or defective products, while holding manufacturers, distributors, and retailers responsible for putting into the market place products that they knew or should have known were dangerous or defective. Under the law, a victim has three grounds on which a defective product claim may be based and liability of the manufacturer may be established in the case: 1. Marketing defects – it is very important that a product includes warnings. Warnings should tell consumers about the dangers of the product, including instructions on how to use it. Marketing defect are those products without warnings or with improper warnings about the products possible threats. 2. Manufacturing Defects- these include defects that occurred when manufacturing the product or during the process of making it. . Design defects- a flaw or defect to the product that were not detected during the design process. This defect is inherent and exists even before the product is made. Meanwhile, strict liability does not rely on the level of carefulness. It is not important whether the manufacturer exercise great care. As long as the product they produced or sold is defective and caused harm to a person, they will be h eld automatically liable. Also, strict liability allows a person who was injured by a defective product, to obtain compensation from the manufacturer or seller of the product. Even if the other party is negligent, you can still get remuneration for damages. This is because manufacturer, seller or retailer has a responsibility for any product they produce. Civil Product liability in India is, essentially, governed by: a) The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 b) The Sales of Goods Act, 1930 c) The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (hereinafter referred to as the â€Å"MRTP Act†) d) The law of Torts. e) special statues pertaining to specific goods. CASE STUDY: In a Pair, one Shoe is longer than the other Anand Raj had purchased a pair of shoes from M/s. Metro Shoes Ltd. for Rs. 2,190/-. After one day’s use he was shocked to find that the shoes were defective as one of them was longer than the other. He rushed to the shop for an exchange. That was denied to him, but they offered to rectify the defect. M/s Metro Shoes Ltd. tried to rectify the same but Anand Raj found it uncomfortable to wear even after repairs. Complaint was filed in the District Forum. Metro Shoes denied their liability and argued that the cash memo given to the purchaser reads as ‘Exchange within 15 days for unused pair with price tag intact’. It was not that the shoes were used extensively as they were brought to the shop immediately. During the proceedings in the District forum, Metro Shoes Limited agreed to replace the said pair of shoes but all the same Anand Raj was put to inconvenience and forced to take matter to a consumer forum. The District Forum held Metro Shoes Ltd. deficient in service for selling a defective product and directed them to pay Rs. 2,190/- after receiving the said pair of shoes from Anand Raj along with a compensation of Rs. 1000 and Rs. 500 as costs. Anand Raj. B. v. M/s Metro Shoes Ltd. , C. C. No. 261 of 2008, decided on 9-6-2008. What are the reliefs available to consumers? Consumer courts may grant one or more of the following reliefs:- A) Repair of defective goods. B) Replacement of defective goods. C) Refund of price paid for the defective goods or service. D) Removal of deficiency in service. E) Refund of extra money charge. F) Withdrawal of goods hazardous to life and safety. G) Compensation for the loss or injury suffered by the consumer due to negligence of the opposite party. H) Adequate cost of filing and pursuing the complaint. I) Grant of punitive damages. What Is The Legislation That Ensures All These Rights? It is the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. The act seeks to promote and protects the interest of consumers against deficiencies and defects in goods or services. It also seeks to secure the rights of a consumer against unfair or restrictive trade practices, which may be practiced by manufacturers and traders. There are various levels of ad judicatory authorities that are set up under the Act, which provide a forum for consumers to seek redressal of their grievances in an effective and simple manner. When can I approach a consumer court? You can approach the consumer guidance society and consumer court if the goods you have purchased have any defect in quality quantity, purity or standard. You may also do so if the service you have paid for has any fault, shortcoming or inadequacy. In the quality, nature and manner of performance. The list of services is long, including the nature of transport, telephones, electricity construction, banking, insurance, medical treatment, etc. By and large, services of Professionals such as doctors, engineers, architects, lawyers, etc come under the purview of consumer courts. What happens if I have bought the goods on installments? Even if you have partly paid for an item or service or under any method of deferred payment you can file a complaint if it is defective or deficient. Can I file a complaint in case the good is purchased for a commercial purpose? No. If the purchase of goods (or service) is for commercial or resale purpose, you cannot file a complaint in the consumer courts. You have to approach the civil court. There is an exception though. If you are a self-employed person and the product (or service) is exclusively for the purpose of earning your livelihood, you may approach the consumer court. Is there a time limit to filing a complaint? Yes. The complaint is to be filed within two years from the date on which cause of action has arisen unless it can be proved that there was a good enough reason for filing a complaint after the lapse of two years. CASE STUDY Imported Magnetic Bed – Defective and Ineffective Lakshmana Reddy purchased a magnetic bed for Rs. 1,48,500/- from the Frontier Trading. This was an imported bed from Japan, which was called ‘Japan Life Total Sleeping System’. It was supposed to help in ailments including polio, paralysis etc. Literature regarding this magnetic bed and leaflets were shown to Lakshmana Reddy by their agents who pursued him continuously for purchasing it. Lakshmana Reddy was a polio-paralytic patient and after taking intensive medical treatment and physiotherapy exercises he completely recovered with regard to his right leg and to some extent with regard to his left leg within a period of two years and started walking by using caliper on his left leg and with the help of hand stick. In 2000, he purchased the Japan Life Sleeping System. He did not get any relief; in fact, he started having giddiness. It did not make any improvement in the left lower limb muscle and the experts informed him that it was unlikely to improve in future. He had no improvement in his health after purchasing and using the magnetic bed. Case was registered against the agent in the police station and the Commissioner of police also inquired about cheating by the agents. It was also published in the newspapers that this agent has been cheating not only Lakshmana Reddy but many others. The District Forum held that it was deficiency in service on the part of the agent and the rest and made them jointly and severally liable to pay a sum of Rs. ,48,500/- along with interest at 12% p. a. from 01. 04. 2000 till the date of payment with compensation of Rs. 10,000/- and Rs. 1,000/- as costs. WHO CAN FILE A COMPLAINT? †¢A consumer †¢Any voluntary consumer organization registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 or under the Companies Act, 1956 or under any other law for the time being in force â € ¢The Central Government †¢The State Government or Union Territory Administrations †¢One or more consumers on behalf of numerous consumers, having the same interest (Class action complaints) WHERE TO FILE A COMPLAIN: If the cost of goods or services and compensation asked for is up to Rs five laky, then the complaint can be filed in the District Forum located at Pushpa Heights, Pune Satara Highway, Bhiwandi corner. †¢If the cost of goods or services and compensation asked for is more than Rs five lakh , but less than Rs 20 lakh then the complaint can be filed before the State Commission notified by the State Government or Union Territory concerned †¢If the cost of goods or services and compensation asked for exceeds Rs 20 lakh then the complaint can be filed before the National Commission at New Delhi. FILING PROCEDURE PROCEDURE FOR FILING COMPLAINT: A complaint can be filed by a complainant against the seller, manufacturer, or dealer of goods which are defective or against the provider of services, if they are deficient in any manner whatsoever. An unfair trade practice or restrictive trade practice can also invite complaint. A complaint can be a:- (a) Consumer to whom such goods are sold or delivered or agreed to be sold or delivered or such service provided or agreed to be provided; (b) A firm registered or unregistered (c) An individual (d) Hindu Undivided Family. e) A cooperative society or any other association of persons (f) The Central or the State Government; and (g) in case of death of a consumer his legal heirs of representatives Along with the complaint, the complainant is required to file copies of supporting documents, i. e. , cash memo, receipts, agreements, etc. The complainant is required to file 3 copies of the complaint, together with enclosures, for official pur pose plus copies for the number of Opposite Parties. The complaint should be filed along with fee in the form of Postal Order/ Demand Draft according to the amount of compensation claimed. JURISDICTION FOR FILING COMPLAINTS In terms of the provisions contained in the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, complaints:- 1. Where the value of goods or services and compensation, if any, claimed below Rs. Twenty Lacs or upto Rs. Twenty Lacs, can be filed before State Commission. 1. Where the value of goods or services and compensation, if any, claimed exceeds Rs. Twenty Lacs but does not exceed Rs. One crore, can be filed before State Commission. The complaints can be filed at the Filing Counter of the State Commission on every working day from 10. 30 a. m. to 1. 30 p. m. How to cite Defective Good in Law, Papers

Human Resource Management and Performance Method

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management and Performance Method. Answer: Introduction Performance appraisal and reward systems often work as the motivator. The human resource department is often flooded with the process and the managers are untrained in delivering excellent reviews that certainly influence the employee performance and develop the business. Likewise, the reward management is about the design, application, maintenance, assessment and communication of reward method that helps the organizations to enhance performance and achieve their goals and objectives. It is identified that talent management techniques is affected by the poor system or design of reward and performance appraisal. A performance appraisal allows the business owner to provide constructive feedback to employees and even determine if there is an appropriate increase in compensation. With the help of standard rating criteria for each employee, the firm could ensure fairness in the process. Nonetheless, a number of challenges should be overcome to increase the effectiveness of the appraisal systems. As put forward by Liu and Dong (2012), most of performance appraisal are implemented so poorly that could actually harm the legal case. The challenge associated with the design, application and functional use of appraisal systems are well documented and they continue to be frustrating to both academic and practitioners. In the current essay, existing studies implying some of the issues or challenges with the performance appraisals have been presented. Thereafter, the issues related to it will be discussed further in the essay. The major purpose of the essay is to identify the challenges that organization s in the recent time face in implementing reward and performance appraisal systems. According to Jskelinen and Laihonen, (2013)performance appraisals is considered as the formal management system by which the job performance of an employee is examined and evaluated, with the purpose of identifying their strength and weakness for improvement in future. The subsequent supervisor or the managers of the organizations conduct the method. Here, Renwick, Redman and Maguire (2013) commented that companies are interested in best practices, often look for the ways to enhance employee performance as well as motivate employees to gain the best they could. Thus, to be effective, the performance appraisal should fulfill certain criteria like the process of formalizing to assure fairness to the employees involved. As opined by Taticchi, Balachandran and Tonelli (2012) a systemic appraisal of staff make it easy to gain several benefits such as encouraging quality performance by rewarding those who perform well. As opined by Fugate, Prussia and Kinicki (2012), many employees dislike performance appraisal interviews for fear of criticism, fear of uncertainty, in dealing with the questions. They fear that their salaries, promotions and their relationship with the company hinge upon the consequence of these interviews as justification for decisions that are made in respect to the salary, promotion and job tenures. Songstad et al., (2012) mentioned that the identification of the evaluation criteria is the biggest challenge encountered by the top management. The performance data should be considered for the review needs to be carefully selected. Most importantly, the assessment criteria should be in a measurable term. The top management sometimes does not include the evaluators and they lack expertise as well as the knowledge to decide the criteria accurately. If the leaders or the managers of the firm lack the experience and the required training to implement the appraisal systems objectively, t he firms will not conquer the possible challenges. On the contrary, when it comes to reward management, the managers often lack the expertise of ensuring that the reward management strategies back the achievement of the organizations business strategies as well as satisfy the needs and expectation of the employees for job security, stability and career enhancement. The managers those who do not have appropriate knowledge, find it difficult to achieve internal equity as well as external competitiveness. The HR department has to conduct market analysis to respond to fragmenting pay market and maintain a reasonably coherent pay structure. The managers have to concentrate on rewarding for output and maintain the quality standards. When the firms are not able to devise appropriate plans or strategies, the firms find it difficult to reward individual performance and contribution as well as promote work. The managers need to have the skills to have the best out of the employees. In most of the assessment, the managers completely focus on the individual characteristics including personal traits, commitment, experience and behaviors. Certainly, these factors could contribute to the development of performance but they may not be the actual measures of the expected output. Gupta and Kumar (2012) commented that the employees of several organizations are least satisfied with the method used in the performance appraisal and reward systems. The fortune 500 survey has revealed that nearly 243 managers of 25 organizations have responded that they are not satisfied with the performance appraisal and reward systems. Nearly, 76% of the employees are less with the procedures (Royer, Stehr and Sydnor 2015). As commented by ALDamoe, Yazam and Ahmid (2012), incomplete, inaccurate, vague and the performance assessment are usual fare in many organizations. Conversely, Lepper and Greene (2015) commented that while no surprise or managers give in irrelevant employee feedback to avoid the possible lawsuit, the leaders should be aware of the legal formalities of their performance management practice. Adequate, quantifiable standards should be developed to measure the performance of the employees. This might help the employees to understand what is expected from them. Having studied organizations closely and analyzed their employee reward systems over a period of time, what comes out persistently is that while reward continues to remain the core talent management activity, managing successfully the employee reward system remains as the significant challenge for many of those organizations. The employees do not have any idea about the process that goes behind the plan, design and delivery of the reward system. In fact, the same are also not communicated properly to the people and the involvement of the line managers are also not sought in the method either. Consequently, HR is not able either articulate or increase the value of such reward systems to its internal consumers. While planning and developing the reward programs, it is repeatedly found that HR works at best with a least number of chosen stakeholders who they are comfortable with, as well as not in overall alignment with companys goals. This could come out as the lack of broad alignment between the employee needs and organizational objective. Heidrich and Tiwary (2013) commented that there is a perception that the absence of a proper Job evaluation system or well designed job description often fail to distinguish between the real job at hand and its worth, as against heavily crafted position. It is identified that pitfall of the same is inappropriate job mapping exercise with the equivalent market job. The organizations that do not track their competition or compare their salary levels with the industry always experience the disadvantage of not paying their workers. It is wise for the organizations to get industry salary level periodically, as real time data is the best alternative. As commented by Lepper and Greene (2015), the rewards are not linked with the individual needs. This means most of the time the Employee reward Programs end up being flat and linear in the name of consistency and equality. Thus, the spectrum of rewards should be flexible since the motivational factors are different for different group of employees. Likewise, their respective needs and purpose should be met. The organizations should choose the way of providing different strokes for different folks while ensuring fairness and equity in the method. The organizations should focus on building their internal capabilities, techniques, tools and data to identify their Employee Reward System in scientific and ro bust manner. The firms need to ensure that there is a fine balance between employee expectation as well as the business needs for retaining their competitive edge in the current market. The execution of reward system is established using the concept that a businessperson should give up all responsibilities of dealing and running the firms to some skilled individuals who are accustomed to deal with personal agenda and behave opportunistically. The business owners got into an ongoing debate that reward systems is built of different perspectives or it is built on the situation available. Shields et al. (2015) believes in the idea that carrot and sticks encourage workers, as they are core resource of organizational productivity, which brings out the idea of reward system. The academics and the critiques insist on the similarity between individual and organizational performance. Thus, it can added that rewards certainly increase the risks that lead to lower levels of motivation among the employees, which means the organizations are not able to come to a certain point to justify their current reward system. In spite of the growing criticism, the reward systems followed by the organizations plays a significant role of management. It should be considered significantly. The effective reward systems are often seen to be gaining significance as the new, the organizations in the global platform act on one single market. The major issues of developing an effective reward system could be versatile since there are many ways of formulating a reward system. Moreover, some considerable aspects are there to discuss and consider in terms of reward system. Some of the aspects talk about how the staff should be rewarded and how the reward system can be developed to support the long-term goals. On the other side, some small organizations are increasingly dependent on single worker and by understanding the potential of each employee, these small size of organizations take the initiative of attract, retain and motivating each employee. However, the techniques used by the small firms could be less expensive but stand as the motivational factor such as monthly appreciat ion and internal promotion. As stated by Daley (2012), HRM practice, where employee reward method is a considerable part in the operation are usually not considered as the formulization and financial stronger aspect in the large organization. This often takes place because of the accountability of the smallness but the studies within such field are very scarce As put forward by Jiang et al. (2012) if the performance appraisal is not related to the specific career goals, top management might not see the point; thereby, they might consider them as the negative experience. This issue indicates that there are rare act of having a performance review process that could actually result in large turnover particularly for top management. Here, Buller, and McEvoy (2012) mentioned that having an official performance review process could actually prevent timely feedback throughout the year. This happens as the managers often consider the performance review process as the catch-all time to cover anything that has been going with the employees. The scholars and the academics that functions of reward system usually becomes cumbersome and insightful aspects encountered by the organization. As put forward by Alfes et al. (2013), the formulation, use and the inherent challenge of reward system is a continual and the intense debate. More specifically, it can be mentioned that poorly developed system that has many flaws attract the public attention as there are many incidents like scams in the organizations. In some places, the protesters barged in the organization claiming inadequate reward system. Therefore, the labor union in some organizations fights against the tangible and intangible benefits developed by the large firms. For example, though Sport Direct in UK provides the internal employee growth opportunities, it cuts down the wages of employees following the Zero hour contract policy. For several organizations, the major goals of an appraisal system are to enhance individual and organizational performance. However, a potential issue with the performance appraisal is higher expectation from appraisal plan. For instance, it can be added that a plan that is effective for enhancing employees may not be the best for determining pay hike. Hoque (2013) stated that a well designed system could help the firms to achieve companys objectives and boost the performance of the employees. Therefore, while assessing a firms human resource capability, the data must recognize the people who have the competencies to be treated well or promoted for the senior positions at the organization. It is difficult for the small and medium size organizations to develop well-designed appraisal procedures due to lack of funds, which remains as the key concern. Due to the lack of proper planning, the organizations cannot determine how they could devolve power to the line managers to deal with the ir own reward process and retain sufficient control. The organization does not have a powerful pay-for-performance scheme, which could have helped to ensure values. As mentioned by Sparrow, Brewster and Chung (2016) an appraisal is often considered as the evaluation of employee performance, which in general includes employee present and future performance. In addition, it is used as the motivational factor for desired performance in the coming future. Two major grounds for the appraisal systems include the conceptual purpose, which is referred as the action of making decisions regarding pay and career growth. Similarly, another ground is about recognizing the improvement needs of employees. Recently, the organizations have faced a significant force of liking appraisal system to the strategic long-term objective of the firm. This means, the organization should develop its own goals and measures of evaluating the performance. The method includes certain criteria that helps to compare the targeted performance and the performance delivered by the employees. Thus, Renwick, Redman and Maguire (2013) commented that performance evaluation is considered as the significant part of managements responsibility. With the final evaluation of employee performance, the management proactively acts on the employees dues, remunerations and promotion. Not surprisingly, the survey conducted by Jskelinen and Laihonen (2013) reveals that almost 70-80% of the employees denied that their performance evaluation method does not prove to be effective, as it did not enhance their performance. Conversely, Liu and Dong (2012) commented that the performance appraisal systems tend to have many issues as critiques assessments are often found to be biased by some aspects like motivational state of being and cognitive. The managers have the tendency of applying different standards with the different employees with the outcome in consistent and unreliable. Thus, to formulate better systems, the scholars have conventionally focused on the validity and reliability by developing newer forms of PA. In spite of the current advances in the assessment design, critiques persistently give a push on the performance appraisal systems that are not effective or well designed. As commented by Taticchi, Balachandran and Tonelli (2012 the performance review is of ten deemed by the senior management such as senior employees and managers supervision with the anxiety and reluctance. There is a significant explanation for fear, poor ownership and the absence of reward for effectively finalizing the technique. In order to oppose the above-mentioned statement, Royer, Stehr and Sydnor (2015) commented that evaluation could be a receptive matter, which could elicit the negative psychological impact including the confrontation, discouragement, refutation and aggression, particularly when the assessment becomes negative. The employee reaction to appraisals could be significant conditions to enhance the employee performance. Gupta and Kumar (2012) put forward that emotions of employees as well as the awareness could be significant in enhancing the efficiency of PA systems. Shields et al., (2015) commented that the use of rating and other methods in PA system help to consider that viewers or evaluators are rationally objective as well as precise but the memories of raters could be imperfect and raters could prefer their own sets of expectation about individuals, expectation, which may or may not appropriate. In spite of the fact that a completely error-free performance appraisal is the only idea, people could focus on, with all actual appraisals failing short of this deal. Hence, Daley (2012) commented that Hello Effect is considered as the tendency to measure the performance as high or low on each factors due to the thought of low or high performance rating on few significant factors. If an employee is considered careful as and reliable, the raters could prefer him/her or biased towards that person to a certain degree Moreover, if an institution is considered, the students rate a faculty member as excellent on all criteria when they are genuinely appreciative of some areas he/she does in the classroom as compared to some bad habits that might result in student evaluating the instructor as awful across the board. Conversely, Hoque (2013) commented that halo error is probably the most pervasive effect in performance appraisal systems as raters who commit this errors assign their rating on based on global impression of rates. So, according this view an employee is rated high or low depending on several aspects as their raters are aware that employee is high or low on some particular aspects. In this context, Renwick, Redman and Maguire (2013) commented though performance appraisal provides effective opportunities for the managers and general staff, in some firms, it is often seen to be biased. This means the organizations the senior authority or the leader having the good relationship with the employees could favor their preferred employee while rating them. However, Hoque (2013) argued that such biasness are the typical practice that organizations would follow decades ago. The present scenario is changed with the increasing force of work. The senior authorities promote their employees based on the performance come out from employees end. Conversely, Boella and Goss-Turner (2013) commented that what organizations finds it difficult to understand is the skills gaps that is required to be managed swiftly, it could affect the bottom line. This fact indicates that problems that organizations have been considering for months would be an insignificant issue if the firms unders tand the importance of hiring or retaining the skilled people. Another tendency followed in the PA system is the weakness, which replaces the strengths and creates the base for negative work. It also creates the conflicts between the supervisor between the managers and employees. Conclusion On the completion of the essay, it can be added that instead of using a cookie-cutter approach, an effective performance appraisal system should fit the organization. The external and internal factors could influence the appraisal systems. More specifically, the labor union is one such significant factor that could affect organizational appraisal process. It is identified that Unions have conventionally insisted on seniority as the basis for promotions and pay increase. They could dynamically go up against the implementation of management-decision performance appraisal system used for these purposes. Alternatively, organizational culture could also affect the performance appraisal process. Reference list: ALDamoe, F. M. A., Yazam, M., Ahmid, K. B. (2012). The mediating effect of HRM outcomes (employee retention) on the relationship between HRM practices and organizational performance.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,2(1), 75. Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., Soane, E. C. (2013). The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), 330-351. Boella, M., Goss-Turner, S. (2013).Human resource management in the hospitality industry: A guide to best practice. Routledge. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight.Human resource management review,22(1), 43-56. Daley, D. M. (2012). Strategic human resource management.Public Personnel Management, 120-125. Fugate, M., Prussia, G. E., Kinicki, A. J. (2012). Managing employee withdrawal during organizational change: The role of threat appraisal.Journal of Management,38(3), 890-914. Gupta, V., Kumar, S. (2012). Impact of performance appraisal justice on employee engagement: a study of Indian professionals.Employee Relations,35(1), 61-78. Haines III, V. Y., St-Onge, S. (2012). Performance management effectiveness: practices or context?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(6), 1158-1175. Heidrich, O., Tiwary, A. (2013). Environmental appraisal of green production systems: Challenges faced by small companies using life cycle assessment.International Journal of Production Research,51(19), 5884-5896. Hoque, K. (2013).Human resource management in the hotel industry: Strategy, innovation and performance. Routledge. Jskelinen, A., Laihonen, H. (2013). Overcoming the specific performance measurement challenges of knowledge-intensive organizations.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,62(4), 350-363. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Han, K., Hong, Y., Kim, A., Winkler, A. L. (2012). Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: Relating human resource management to employee performance.Human Resource Management Review,22(2), 73-85. Lepper, M. R., Greene, D. (Eds.). (2015).The hidden costs of reward: New perspectives on the psychology of human motivation. Psychology Press. Liu, X., Dong, K. (2012). Development of the civil servants performance appraisal system in China: Challenges and improvements.Review of Public Personnel Administration,32(2), 149-168 Pichler, S. (2012). The social context of performance appraisal and appraisal reactions: A meta?analysis.Human Resource Management,51(5), 709-732. Renwick, D. W., Redman, T., Maguire, S. (2013). Green human resource management: A review and research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), 1-14. Royer, H., Stehr, M., Sydnor, J. (2015). Incentives, commitments, and habit formation in exercise: evidence from a field experiment with workers at a fortune-500 company.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,7(3), 51-84. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Songstad, N. G., Lindkvist, I., Moland, K. M., Chimhutu, V., Blystad, A. (2012). Assessing performance enhancing tools: experiences with the open performance review and appraisal system (OPRAS) and expectations towards payment for performance (P4P) in the public health sector in Tanzania.Globalization and health,8(1), 33. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Taticchi, P., Balachandran, K., Tonelli, F. (2012). Performance measurement and management systems: state of the art, guidelines for design and challenges. Measuring Business Excellence, 16(2), 41-54.

Human Resource Management in Bidco manufacturing Limited

PEST analysis Paraguay Essay

PEST analysis Paraguay Essay PEST analysis Paraguay Essay POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT Paraguay today enjoys stability since the end of the dictatorship. Paraguay is a constitutional democracy not consolidated but is on the way to achieve this goal. There is a disenchantment of the population which translates into an increasingly discredited of the institutions and persons discharging managerial responsibilities of power but this is a tendency both in Paraguay and other Latin American countries where the democratic tradition is relatively new. The perceived degree of corruption also contributes to this feeling. For several years, the index of perception of corruption 'Transparency International' Paraguay ranks as one of the most corrupt countries in Latin America. Faced with this challenge, the government attempted repeatedly his determination to fight corruption, but their success has been limited by various political factors like Disagreements between the legislature and the executive. The main challenges currently facing Paraguay consist of reconciling economic growth and budgetary rigidity, while the rule of law is consolidated and public institutions are strengthened. In the economics and international business Paraguay has started many policies to enhance the international trade in order to: 1. Facilitating the procedures and formalities for export. 2. Establish strategic partnerships that further the conditions for exporters. 3. Establish growth strategies for each sector, supporting businessmen / women in their efforts to increase their sales abroad. 4. Promote national awareness and export competitiveness. 5. Encourage the export of non-traditional items. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Paraguay is part of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) and is classified by the International Monetary Fund as a developing country. The Country in the economic sphere can be considered stable but has a limited capacity for improvement. Paraguayan GDP structure is similar to a country with a low level of industrialization 14% of GDP is concentrated on the secondary sector and the 27% of GDP comes from agriculture and exports but services are already experiencing an increasing importance (59%). The main exports in Paraguay are soybeans (35% of total) exports, meat (10%), vegetable oils (8%) and cotton (7%). Uruguay accounts for 15% of Paraguayan exports followed by Brazil (11.4%), Argentina (10.2%) and Chile (8.3%). Moreover, Brazil supply 27.5% of the Paraguayan imports, followed by China (16.9%), USA (15%) and Argentina (14.8%). The main exporters in Paraguay are: SOCIO CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT Paraguay is a young country with a quarter of the population under 10 years (26%) and it holds one of the lowest average age in Latin America (23 years). Despite a high rate of population growth (2.2% annually), is a sparsely populated country, with a density of 15.2 inhabitants per square kilometer, which is also one of the lowest in the region. The population structure testifies to a relatively rural country (43% of the population lives in the countryside), and in which most of its inhabitants are poor (66% of the poor live in rural areas). Access to education have not reached optimal indicators, particularly between 15 to 24 years. The low level of education penalizes the poor population because it is a barrier for the good salaries and it takes from them the possibility to integrate in the modern sectors of the economy.

Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations - Essay Example Junginger ascertains that his company adopts majority of the best D&I practices in the industry, as identified by the U.S Department of Commerce benchmarking study. More than internal practices, however, the challenge to the firm’s D&I efforts are posed by external elements, principally the discriminatory attitudes of customers who stay at the company’s hotels. The firm’s hotels located in other countries are also constrained by the social prejudice (by Western standards) that may have been built into the culture of the place. The company must train its personnel not only to observe D&I practices within the company, but also how to deal with people and situations that are discriminatory against them. An Interview with Phillip Junginger*, D&I strategic officer, Human Resources Department Phillip Junginger* is the strategic officer for a four-star international hotel chain based in the U.S. ... This insight provides him with a greater motivation and sensitivity not only towards those of different cultures, but also of different races, ethnicities, religions, and other personal circumstances. Question 1: How does your firm integrate D&I in your corporate planning? PJ: In our hotel, we deal with people of different backgrounds, both as customers and as internal stakeholders. The hotel industry is all about people, and all about dealing with them in the most intimate way because we provide a home for the customers, so moreso for the employees. Therefore, our D&I is part of our core organizational values. It is not just one separate plan in itself, but it is integrated in all managerial planning, from strategizing at the executive level, to the tactical and the operational levels (especially in dining, housekeeping, and hotel amenities), where we try to meet customers’ preferences and employees circumstances. --------------- * Names have been modified upon the request of the interviewee. Question 2: In your personal role, how do you perceive your goals and responsibilities? PJ: When I look at my role as the main officer in charge of D&I strategy, I am overwhelmed by the tremendous responsibility of that position. Diversity and inclusion is a double-sided blade; the strategies we design should make people of all backgrounds feel accepted the way they are, and usually these pertain to the minority groups, but then it must be done in a way that does not alienate members of the majority group. Doing so would continue to drive a wedge among the groups, which is exactly what we try to eliminate. The difficulty here is that

Mapp v. Ohio and Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Cases and their Effects on Assignment - 3

Mapp v. Ohio and Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Cases and their Effects on Interaction of Criminal Suspects and Law Enforcement Officers - Assignment Example Miranda vs. Arizona Miranda was arrested due to circumstantial evidence that accused him of kidnapping and raping an 18-year –old woman, 10 days before his arrest. He signed a statement pleading guilty of the offense without knowing his right to counsel. The supreme court of Arizona affirmed the court’s decision to admit the confession. However, Earl Warren, the chief justice ruled that due to the interrogation nature, where he was not informed of his rights by the police, such evidence of his confession could not be used against him, since he was not aware of his rights and hence, he had waived them (Brooks 177). From the Miranda vs. Arizona case, police advertisement of the rights of the criminal suspect before the start of questioning was brought about by the Miranda warning. The court has since reiterated the Miranda ruling that all case questioning must cease if a suspect in custody is being questioned when he has requested a lawyer. The 1992 Miranda rights have ef fectively been extended to US immigrants. Since then, illegal aliens who are arrested each year must read the Miranda warnings and be ready for their rights (Leo and George, 325). Legal officers have to arrest a suspect and listen to them without asking them questions while talking. On the other hand, police may question the suspect without the warnings of Miranda even in the confines of a police station. This is however only applicable when the police officer is questioning a person who is neither a suspect nor under arrest. Since all suspects must be read for their individual rights, the court has subsequently ruled that any waiver of the same rights must be voluntary, knowing and intelligent (Gerald 243). Mapp V. Ohio Prior to the 1960s, the United States Supreme Court only infrequently intruded on all criminal justice system’s operations at the local and state levels (Bloom 245). In 1961, Earl Warren, the chief justice of the supreme court made a decision about a case tha t forever changed the face of law enforcement in America (Brooks 12).        

Social Contract And Immanuel Kant Philosophy Essay

Social Contract And Immanuel Kant Philosophy Essay In a society that the people are free to do as they see fit and are governed by natural laws, where individuals can abuse and exploit of one another and there is no fear of consequences is known as the state of nature.  [i]  When individuals give up a little of their freedom to do as they like, and voluntarily agree to obey laid down laws (civil laws) to have protection of life and ownership of property, this agreement is known as the social contract. The political philosophers would explain the social contract theory as individuals giving power to the government (state) to govern over them in exchange for protection.  [ii]  It must not be misinterpreted that an individual, who is under the social contract has to give up their total freedom rather, the person is still at liberty to do as they please so far as it does not cause harm or impede on another individuals freedom. Giving up this freedom under the social contract is viewed as a benefit to the society. The social contract which brings into existence a well ordered society state of states, is said to be of three key elements. The first element is an imagery of how a society will be like with no laws, under the state of nature  [iii]  . People would be exploited, abused and there will be no fear of justice since they are free to do as they like and are not confined by any laws that restrict them from doing unto others as they please. Individuals attempt to escape from such brutality brings about the second element which is recognizing the state to have the power to bring about order and stability to a society; recognizing the sovereign power  [iv]  . The third element is the obligation of the people under the social contract to respect and obey the laid down laws by the state  [v]  . In their obedience to these laws they are showing gratitude to the state for securing an organized and stable society. Some philosophers believe though, that the social contract is imposed on society to demonstrate the structure of rationality.  [vi]   Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) born in Eastern Prussia was a German philosopher and an idealist. The author of Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, in his book he defines morality as an action that is not determined by its consequences, only by the intentions behind it  [vii]  . He believes that a persons intention to do good or bad justifies the action as good or bad. For example when a person finds a bag of money and the persons intention is to report it to the police, according to Kant this makes the person good (moral). But if the outcome is different from the supposed intention that is, the person ends up keeping the money, the person is still seen as good; In law a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics he is guilty if he only thinks of doing it  [viii]  . The outcome of the action whether good or bad should not be considered in determining an action as moral but only the original intention. These actions are said to be motivated by duty and incli nation. Duty is an action that has been outlined by society to be in the right moral direction. Duty is described in four cases; (i) when actions are contrary to duty (e.g. stealing) (ii) when actions are dutiful because of fear of penalty (e.g. paying taxes) (iii) when duty is in accordance to ones inclination (e.g. labor of love) and (iv) actions that are in accordance to duty but contrary to inclination (e.g. not committing suicide despite being in unbearable distress).  [ix]  Duty is seen to be morally worthy because it is approved by society whereas inclination is seen as praise worthy because it is motivated by emotions. He argues that people are more concerned about their self-interest as such, when they act in accordance to their inclinations then they are acting out of self-interest, but since duty is determined by society it will contrast with their self-interest thereby making it moral. Kants moral theory is centered on a system that distinguishes a moral from a maxim known as the categorical imperative. A maxim is the principle or general rule that determines an actions moral worth  [x]  . When a maxim has contradictions then it cannot be considered as a moral maxim  [xi]  , an example used is when a person borrows money and promises to pay knowing very well he wont. This cannot be willed as a moral maxim then because everybody will promise and fail and people with needs will be seen as liars. His attempt to solve the problem of morality and solidify his theory brought about the categorical imperative  [xii]  . The categorical imperative is seen as a criterion for determining obligatory and forbidden actions and is made up of three formulations; (i) universal moral law, (ii) treat people as ends and (iii) the kingdom of ends.  [xiii]   The first formulation, the universal moral law looks at how ones maxim can be accepted by another person, in other words, can your maxim be accepted by all and will everybody feel the same about it. Act only on that maxim which you can, at the same time will it to be a universal law  [xiv]  . For example my maxim is when I borrow something from somebody I like to return it as soon as I am done using it. The real test here is can this be universally adopted and willingly accepted. A universal maxim should also have the ability to remain consistent. If a maxim passes the test, then the maxim is morally accepted and is seen as permissible but if it fails then that maxim should be disregarded and forbidden. When weighing a maxim as a universal law there is no exception, an individuals maxim should not only apply to others around him but should also be applicable to him, and he must accept it with no hesitations. The second formulation which is treat people as ends explains how we should see people as ends and not as means to an end. People can be seen as both means to an end and as end at the same time, but never should they be treated as means to an end only  [xv]  . An example is a man who makes a false promise to a friend so as to secure a loan. The friend here is seen as a mean to attaining his self-interest. He argues that people in themselves are ends, it is therefore wrong to use people to satisfy our selfish desires. Kant believes that in doing so; treating people as a means, we deny them the importance of their humanity. By disrespecting their personhood and dignity and not recognizing them as rational individuals we deny them of their humanity  [xvi]  and we denial ourselves as well of the importance of humanity. The third formulation the kingdom of ends can be seen as a totality of the two formulations. With this formulation we are urged to imagine ourselves as the law makers in the kingdom of ends. The kingdom of ends is an imaginary state whose laws protect an individuals autonomy  [xvii]  . In this kingdom we put our maxims to the test to satisfy the two formulations; universal moral law and treat people as ends. When these maxims satisfy the conditions of the formulations, that is, they become universally adopted and accepted, and people are treated as ends and not means to an end, then the maxims can be known as a moral law. A society that acquired its laws by the means of using the system of the categorical imperatives to Kant is an ideal society because the society is based on moral laws. Kant views a society under the social contract as a society based on moral laws. Under the social contract individual desires are not used in determining the law, but rather the maxim that satisfies the conditions of the categorical imperative  [xviii]  . To Kant this is ideal because the state addresses the wants of the people and not the desires of a particular group. He uses an example the war tax to support his argument explaining; when the state imposes a fair tax that is just, citizens cannot argue against it because the state might have legitimate reasons for imposing the tax that citizens are not aware of  [xix]  . This goes to justify the state concentrating on benefits of the society rather than benefits of an individual. This is Kants description of an ideal society under the social contract. CRITICISM Kants theory is based on having an ideal society that is based on moral laws. These moral laws have been acquired by the use of categorical imperatives; the criterion for determining a moral, therefore making these laws ideal. He believes that when a society is governed by these laws then people treat each other as equals and our conscience will prevent us from doing otherwise  [xx]  . Arthur Schopenhauer a German philosopher disagrees with Kants theory saying, the categorical imperatives speaks before the deed but the conscience after the deed. He argues that the conscience cannot act as a deterrent against people having their freedom impeded, since it is an afterthought after the deed has been done. The social contract is an ideal society which seeks to bring order and safety to the people under a government. Kants formulations of the moral laws by using the categorical imperatives are fascinating theoretically but do not seem to hold in real life; the universal moral law, treating people as ends rather than means to an end and kingdoms of ends. Kants ideal society using these imperatives might be a solution to finding laws that will be accepted by all and obeyed as well, since we how we feel about these laws help in their formulation.